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Campbell Biology in Focus Chapter 8 Active Reading Guide Photosynthesis Answers

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Biological science in Focus - Chapter eight

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Biological science in Focus - Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis

Biological science in Focus - Chapter viii - Photosynthesis

  1. 1. CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece Lecture Presentations past Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge eight Photosynthesis
  2. 2. Overview: The Process That Feeds the Biosphere  Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar free energy into chemical free energy  Directly or indirectly, photosynthesis nourishes about the entire living world © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
  3. three.  Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms  Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules  Virtually all plants are photoautotrophs, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  4. 4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure viii.1
  5. v.  Heterotrophs obtain their organic fabric from other organisms  Heterotrophs are the consumers of the biosphere  About all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  6. six.  Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, sure other protists, and some prokaryotes  These organisms feed not only themselves merely as well nigh of the living earth © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  7. seven. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Effigy 8.ii (a) Plants (d) Cyanobacteria (e) Purple sulfur bacteria (b) Multicellular alga (c) Unicellular eukaryotes 10µm 1µm40µm
  8. 8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 8.2a (a) Plants
  9. 9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 8.2b (b) Multicellular alga
  10. 10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.2c (c) Unicellular eukaryotes 10µm
  11. 11. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Figure 8.2d (d) Cyanobacteria 40µm
  12. 12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 8.2e (e) Majestic sulfur bacteria 1µm
  13. 13. Concept viii.1: Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food  The structural organisation of photosynthetic cells includes enzymes and other molecules grouped together in a membrane  This organization allows for the chemical reactions of photosynthesis to continue efficiently  Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and probable evolved from photosynthetic bacteria © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
  14. 14. Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants  Leaves are the major locations of photosynthesis  Their green color is from chlorophyll, the green pigment within chloroplasts  Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf  Each mesophyll cell contains thirty–40 chloroplasts © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
  15. 15.  CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores chosen stomata  The chlorophyll is in the membranes of thylakoids (connected sacs in the chloroplast); thylakoids may exist stacked in columns called grana  Chloroplasts as well contain stroma, a dense interior fluid © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  16. 16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure eight.3 Leaf cross section 20 µm Mesophyll Stomata Chloroplasts Vein CO2 O2 Mesophyll cell Chloroplast Stroma Thylakoid Thylakoid space Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Granum 1 µm
  17. 17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure eight.3a Leaf cross section Mesophyll Stomata Chloroplasts Vein CO2 O2
  18. 18. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure viii.3b 20 µm Mesophyll cell Chloroplast Stroma Thylakoid Thylakoid space Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Granum 1 µm
  19. 19. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure 8.3c 20 µm Mesophyll jail cell
  20. twenty. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.3d Stroma Granum 1 µm
  21. 21. Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific Inquiry  Photosynthesis is a circuitous series of reactions that can be summarized as the following equation half dozen CO2 + 12 Water + Light free energy → C6H12O6 + vi O2 + 6 H2o © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  22. 22. The Splitting of H2o  Chloroplasts separate H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-production © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  23. 23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 8.4 Products: Reactants: 6 CO2 6 O2C6H12O6 6 H2O 12 H2O
  24. 24. Photosynthesis every bit a Redox Process  Photosynthesis reverses the management of electron period compared to respiration  Photosynthesis is a redox process in which H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced  Photosynthesis is an endergonic procedure; the energy boost is provided by light © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  25. 25. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Effigy 8.UN01 becomes reduced becomes oxidized
  26. 26. The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview  Photosynthesis consists of the light reactions (the photo part) and Calvin bike (the synthesis part)  The light reactions (in the thylakoids)  Split Water  Release O2  Reduce the electron acceptor, NADP+ , to NADPH  Generate ATP from ADP by adding a phosphate group, photophosphorylation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  27. 27.  The Calvin bicycle (in the stroma) forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH  The Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic molecules © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Photosynthesis
  28. 28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.5 Light CO2H2O P i Chloroplast Light Reactions Calvin Cycle [CH2O] (sugar) O2 ADP ATP NADP+ + NADPH
  29. 29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 8.5-1 Low-cal H2O Chloroplast Low-cal Reactions P i ADP NADP+ +
  30. 30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure viii.5-2 Light H2O P i Chloroplast Light Reactions O2 ADP ATP NADP+ + NADPH
  31. 31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.5-3 Light CO2H2O P i Chloroplast Light Reactions Calvin Cycle O2 ADP ATP NADP+ + NADPH
  32. 32. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Figure viii.5-4 Light CO2H2O P i Chloroplast Light Reactions Calvin Cycle [CH2O] (sugar) O2 ADP ATP NADP+ + NADPH
  33. 33. Concept eight.2: The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemic energy of ATP and NADPH  Chloroplasts are solar-powered chemic factories  Their thylakoids transform lite energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  34. 34. The Nature of Sunlight  Light is a form of electromagnetic free energy, also called electromagnetic radiation  Like other electromagnetic energy, light travels in rhythmic waves  Wavelength is the distance between crests of waves  Wavelength determines the type of electromagnetic energy © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  35. 35.  The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation  Visible low-cal consists of wavelengths (including those that drive photosynthesis) that produce colors we tin can see  Light likewise behaves as though it consists of detached particles, called photons © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  36. 36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure viii.half dozen Gamma rays 10−v nm 10−3 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm 1 m (109 nm) 103 m Radio waves Micro- wavesX-rays InfraredUV Visible lite Shorter wavelength Longer wavelength Lower energyHigher energy 380 450 500 550 650600 700 750 nm
  37. 37. Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors  Pigments are substances that absorb visible low-cal  Different pigments absorb unlike wavelengths  Wavelengths that are not absorbed are reflected or transmitted  Leaves appear light-green because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green lite © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Blitheness: Lite and Pigments
  38. 38. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Figure 8.vii Reflected light Light Captivated lite Chloroplast Granum Transmitted light
  39. 39.  A spectrophotometer measures a pigment'due south ability to absorb various wavelengths  This machine sends light through pigments and measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  40. 40. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure 8.eight Refracting prism White light Dark-green light Blueish light Chlorophyll solution Photoelectric tube Galvanometer Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength. The low transmittance (high absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs most blue light. The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little greenish light. Technique one 2 four iii
  41. 41.  An absorption spectrum is a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength  The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests that violet-bluish and red lite work all-time for photosynthesis  Accessory pigments include chlorophyll b and a group of pigments called carotenoids  An action spectrum profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a procedure © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.
  42. 42. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.9 Chloro- phyll a Rateof photosynthesis (measuredbyO2 release) Results Absorptionoflight bychloroplast pigments Chlorophyll b Carotenoids Filament of alga Aerobic bacteria (a) Assimilation spectra (b) Action spectrum (c) Engelmann's experiment 400 700600500 400 700600500 400 700600500 Wavelength of light (nm)
  43. 43. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure viii.9a Chloro- phyll a Absorptionoflight bychloroplast pigments Chlorophyll b Carotenoids (a) Assimilation spectra 400 700600500 Wavelength of light (nm)
  44. 44. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Figure eight.9b (b) Action spectrum 400 700600500 Rateof photosynthesis (measuredbyO2 release)
  45. 45. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.9c Filament of alga Aerobic bacteria (c) Engelmann'southward experiment 400 700600500
  46. 46.  The action spectrum of photosynthesis was first demonstrated in 1883 past Theodor West. Engelmann  In his experiment, he exposed different segments of a filamentous alga to different wavelengths  Areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis produced excess O2  He used the growth of aerobic bacteria clustered forth the alga every bit a mensurate of O2 production © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  47. 47.  Chlorophyll a is the principal photosynthetic pigment  Accessory pigments, such as chlorophyll b, broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis  A slight structural difference between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b causes them to absorb slightly different wavelengths  Accessory pigments chosen carotenoids blot excessive lite that would impairment chlorophyll © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Video: Chlorophyll Model
  48. 48. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 8.ten Hydrocarbon tail: interacts with hydrophobic regions of proteins inside thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; H atoms not shown Porphyrin band: calorie-free-absorbing "head" of molecule; note magnesium atom at eye CH3 in chlorophyll a CHO in chlorophyll b CH3
  49. 49. Excitation of Chlorophyll past Lite  When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a basis state to an excited state, which is unstable  When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow chosen fluorescence  If illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will fluoresce, giving off light and rut © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  50. 50. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 8.xi Photon (fluorescence) Ground state (b) Fluorescence Excited state Chlorophyll molecule Photon Rut e− (a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule Energyofelectron
  51. 51. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.11a (b) Fluorescence
  52. 52. A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Low-cal-Harvesting Complexes  A photosystem consists of a reaction-center complex (a blazon of protein complex) surrounded past light-harvesting complexes  The light-harvesting complexes (pigment molecules bound to proteins) transfer the free energy of photons to the reaction middle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  53. 53. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 8.12 (b) Structure of a photosystem(a) How a photosystem harvests low-cal Chlorophyll STROMA THYLAKOID Infinite Protein subunits STROMA THYLAKOID Infinite (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) Photosystem Photon Light- harvesting complexes Reaction- center complex Primary electron acceptor Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Transfer of free energy Paint molecules Thylakoidmembrane Thylakoidmembrane e−
  54. 54. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.12a (a) How a photosystem harvests light STROMA THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) Photosystem Photon Calorie-free- harvesting complexes Reaction- center complex Master electron acceptor Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Transfer of energy Pigment molecules Thylakoidmembrane eastward−
  55. 55. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure eight.12b (b) Structure of a photosystem Chlorophyll STROMA THYLAKOID SPACE Protein subunits Thylakoidmembrane
  56. 56.  A primary electron acceptor in the reaction heart accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result  Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first step of the lite reactions © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  57. 57.  There are ii types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane  Photosystem II (PS 2) functions first (the numbers reflect gild of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm  The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is chosen P680 © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
  58. 58.  Photosystem I (PS I) is best at arresting a wavelength of 700 nm  The reaction-eye chlorophyll a of PS I is called P700 © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
  59. 59. Linear Electron Flow  Linear electron flow involves the menses of electrons through both photosystems to produce ATP and NADPH using calorie-free energy © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
  60. 60.  Linear electron flow can be cleaved down into a series of steps i. A photon hits a pigment and its free energy is passed among pigment molecules until it excites P680 2. An excited electron from P680 is transferred to the primary electron acceptor (we now phone call it P680+ ) 3. H2O is split past enzymes, and the electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to P680+ , thus reducing it to P680; O2 is released as a by-product © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
  61. 61. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure 8.UN02 Calvin Cycle NADPH NADP+ ATP ADP Light CO2 [CH2O] (sugar) Lite Reactions O2 H2O
  62. 62. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Figure 8.13-1 Primary acceptor Photosystem 2 (PS II) Light P680 Pigment molecules 1 2e−
  63. 63. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Figure 8.13-2 Primary acceptor 2 H+ O2 + Photosystem 2 (PS Two) H2o Lite /2 1 P680 Pigment molecules 1 2 3 e− e− east−
  64. 64. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure viii.thirteen-iii Primary acceptor 2 H+ O2 + ATP Photosystem 2 (PS II) Water Light /2 one P680 Pq Electron transport chain Cytochrome complex Pc Pigment molecules 1 2 iii 4 5 e− east− e−
  65. 65. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Effigy 8.13-4 Principal acceptor two H+ O2 + ATP Photosystem II (PS Two) H2o Light /2 one P680 Pq Electron send chain Cytochrome complex Pc Pigment molecules Principal acceptor Photosystem I (PS I) P700 Light 1 2 iii four v 6 east− e− eastward− eastward−
  66. 66. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure eight.13-5 Master acceptor 2 H+ O2 + ATP NADPH Photosystem 2 (PS II) H2O due east− due east− e− Light /2 ane P680 Pq Electron ship chain Cytochrome complex Pc Paint molecules Primary acceptor Photosystem I (PS I) e− P700 due east− due east− Fd Lite Electron transport chain H+ + NADP+ NADP+ reductase 1 two 3 4 5 6 7 eight
  67. 67. 4. Each electron "falls" down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS 2 to PS I 5. Free energy released by the fall drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane; diffusion of H+ (protons) across the membrane drives ATP synthesis © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
  68. 68. 6. In PS I (like PS Ii), transferred light energy excites P700, causing it to lose an electron to an electron acceptor (we now phone call information technology P700+ )  P700+ accepts an electron passed down from PS Ii via the electron transport chain © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  69. 69. vii. Excited electrons "autumn" down an electron send concatenation from the chief electron acceptor of PS I to the poly peptide ferredoxin (Fd) 8. The electrons are transferred to NADP+ , reducing it to NADPH, and become bachelor for the reactions of the Calvin cycle  This process also removes an H+ from the stroma © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  70. 70.  The energy changes of electrons during linear flow can be represented in a mechanical analogy © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  71. 71. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.14 Photosystem Ii Photosystem I NADPH Mill makes ATP Photon Photon
  72. 72. A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria  Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by chemiosmosis but employ different sources of energy  Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP; chloroplasts transform lite energy into the chemical energy of ATP  Spatial organization of chemiosmosis differs between chloroplasts and mitochondria but also shows similarities © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  73. 73.  In mitochondria, protons are pumped to the intermembrane infinite and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix  In chloroplasts, protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  74. 74. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Effigy 8.15 Electron transport chain Higher [H+ ] P i H+ CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE Inter- membrane space MITOCHONDRION Structure Thylakoid space Inner membrane Matrix Cardinal Lower [H+ ] Thylakoid membrane Stroma ATP ATP synthase ADP + H+ Diffusion
  75. 75. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy viii.15a Electron transport chain Higher [H+ ] H+ CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE Inter- membrane space MITOCHONDRION Construction Thylakoid space Inner membrane Matrix Key Lower [H+ ] Thylakoid membrane Stroma ATP ATP synthase ADP + H+ Improvidence P i
  76. 76.  ATP and NADPH are produced on the side facing the stroma, where the Calvin wheel takes place  In summary, low-cal reactions generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from H2O to NADPH © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
  77. 77. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.UN02 Calvin Cycle NADPH NADP+ ATP ADP Light CO2 [CH2O] (sugar) Lite Reactions O2 H2O
  78. 78. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.16 Photosystem II Photosystem I To Calvin Cycle H+ THYLAKOID Infinite (high H+ concentration) Thylakoid membrane STROMA (low H+ concentration) ATP synthase NADPH due east− Light NADP+ ATP ADP + NADP+ reductase Fd H+ + Pq Pc Cytochrome complex 4 H+ Low-cal +2 H+ O2 H2O /21 four H+ eastward− 1 ii 3 P i
  79. 79. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure eight.16a Photosystem II Photosystem I H+ THYLAKOID Space (high H+ concentration) Thylakoid membrane STROMA (low H+ concentration) ATP synthase e− Light ATP ADP + Fd Pq Pc Cytochrome complex 4 H+ Light +ii H+ O2 Water /2 1 four H+ due east− 1 2 P i
  80. 80. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.16b ii 3 Photosystem I To Calvin Cycle H+ ATP synthase NADPH Light NADP+ ATP ADP + NADP+ reductase Fd H+ + Pc Cytochrome complex 4 H+ THYLAKOID SPACE (loftier H+ concentration) STROMA (low H+ concentration) P i
  81. 81. Concept 8.3: The Calvin bicycle uses the chemic energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar  The Calvin wheel, like the citric acid bicycle, regenerates its starting cloth after molecules enter and leave the cycle  Unlike the citric acrid cycle, the Calvin cycle is anabolic  It builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
  82. 82.  Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a carbohydrate named glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (G3P)  For net synthesis of i G3P, the cycle must take place 3 times, fixing three molecules of CO2  The Calvin cycle has three phases  Carbon fixation  Reduction  Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
  83. 83.  Phase ane, carbon fixation, involves the incorporation of the CO2 molecules into ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) using the enzyme rubisco © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  84. 84. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.UN03 Calvin Cycle NADPH NADP+ ATP ADP Light CO2 [CH2O] (saccharide) Light Reactions O2 Water
  85. 85. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 8.17-1 Input 3 Calvin Cycle as 3 CO2 Rubisco Phase i: Carbon fixation RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate half dozen 3 3 P P P P P
  86. 86. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 8.17-two six P i NADPH Input 3 ATP Calvin Bicycle as 3 CO2 Rubisco Phase 1: Carbon fixation Phase two: Reduction G3P Output Glucose and other organic compounds G3P RuBP three-Phosphoglycerate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate half-dozen ADP 6 6 6 6 iii 6 NADP+ half-dozen iii 1 P P P P P P P P P
  87. 87. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 8.17-three 6 P i NADPH Input 3 ATP Calvin Wheel as 3 CO2 Rubisco Phase 1: Carbon fixation Stage 2: Reduction Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP G3P Output Glucose and other organic compounds G3P RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate one,3-Bisphosphoglycerate half-dozen ADP half dozen half-dozen 6 6 P 3 P P P half dozen NADP+ 6 P 5 P G3P ATP 3 ADP three 3 P P i P P
  88. 88.  Phase ii, reduction, involves the reduction and phosphorylation of iii-phosphoglycerate to G3P © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  89. 89.  Phase iii, regeneration, involves the rearrangement of G3P to regenerate the initial CO2 receptor, RuBP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  90. 90. Development of Alternative Mechanisms of Carbon Fixation in Hot, Barren Climates  Adaptation to dehydration is a problem for land plants, sometimes requiring trade-offs with other metabolic processes, especially photosynthesis  On hot, dry out days, plants close stomata, which conserves Water but besides limits photosynthesis  The closing of stomata reduces access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up  These conditions favor an apparently wasteful process called photorespiration © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  91. 91.  In most plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of CO2, via rubisco, forms a 3-carbon compound (3- phosphoglycerate)  In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, producing a two-carbon compound  Photorespiration decreases photosynthetic output by consuming ATP, O2, and organic fuel and releasing CO2 without producing whatever ATP or carbohydrate © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.
  92. 92.  Photorespiration may be an evolutionary relic considering rubisco first evolved at a fourth dimension when the atmosphere had far less O2 and more CO2  Photorespiration limits damaging products of light reactions that build upwards in the absence of the Calvin bike © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
  93. 93.  C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration past incorporating CO2 into a iv-carbon compound  An enzyme in the mesophyll cells has a high affinity for CO2 and can gear up carbon even when CO2 concentrations are low  These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle C4 Plants © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
  94. 94. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure eight.18 Bundle- sheath prison cell Sugarcane CO2 Pineapple CO2 (a) Spatial separation of steps C4 CO2 CO2 CAM Day Night Saccharide Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle Saccharide Organic acid Organic acrid Mesophyll cell (b) Temporal separation of steps i 2 one ii
  95. 95. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure 8.18a Sugarcane
  96. 96. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure viii.18b Pineapple
  97. 97. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy viii.18c Bundle- sheath cell CO2 CO2 (a) Spatial separation of steps C4 CO2 CO2 CAM Mean solar day Dark Carbohydrate Calvin Bicycle Calvin Cycle Sugar Organic acid Organic acid Mesophyll cell (b) Temporal separation of steps 1 ii 1 ii
  98. 98. CAM Plants  Some plants, including succulents, use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to fix carbon  CAM plants open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids  Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
  99. 99. The Importance of Photosynthesis: A Review  The energy entering chloroplasts every bit sunlight gets stored as chemic free energy in organic compounds  Saccharide made in the chloroplasts supplies chemical free energy and carbon skeletons to synthesize the organic molecules of cells  Plants store excess saccharide as starch in the chloroplasts and in structures such as roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits  In improver to food product, photosynthesis produces the O2 in our atmosphere © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
  100. 100. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure eight.19 Photosystem II Electron transport chain Calvin Wheel NADPH Light NADP+ ATP CO2 H2o ADP + 3-Phosphpglycerate G3P RuBP Sucrose (export) Starch (storage) Chloroplast O2 Light Reactions: Photosystem I Electron transport chain P i
  101. 101. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 8.UN04
  102. 102. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 8.UN05 Photosystem Two Photosystem I NADP+ ATP Fd H+ +Pq Cytochrome complex O2 H2o Pc NADP+ reductase NADPH Principal acceptor Electron transport chain Primary acceptor Electron transport chain
  103. 103. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Figure eight.UN06 Calvin Cycle Regeneration of CO2 acceptor Carbon fixation Reduction 1 G3P (3C) three CO2 3 × 5C 6 × 3C 5 × 3C
  104. 104. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.UN07 pH vii pH 4 pH 8 pH 4

  • Figure 8.1 How can sunlight, seen hither as a spectrum of colors in a rainbow, ability the synthesis of organic substances?
  • Effigy 8.two Photoautotrophs
  • Figure eight.2a Photoautotrophs (part 1: plants)
  • Effigy eight.2b Photoautotrophs (part 2: multicellular alga)
  • Effigy 8.2c Photoautotrophs (part 3: unicellular eukaryotes)
  • Effigy 8.2nd Photoautotrophs (part four: blue-green alga)
  • Figure 8.2e Photoautotrophs (role five: purple sulfur bacteria)
  • Effigy 8.iii Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant
  • Figure 8.3a Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a found (function 1: leaf cross section)
  • Effigy 8.3b Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant (part two: chloroplast)
  • Figure 8.3c Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a institute (part 3: mesophyll cell, LM)
  • Figure eight.3d Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant (part 4: chloroplast, TEM)
  • Effigy viii.iv Tracking atoms through photosynthesis
  • Figure eight.UN01 In-text figure, photosynthesis equation, p. 158
  • Effigy 8.5 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the calorie-free reactions and the Calvin cycle
  • Effigy 8.five-1 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (step ane)
  • Figure eight.5-2 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin wheel (step ii)
  • Figure viii.5-3 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin wheel (footstep iii)
  • Figure 8.5-4 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (pace 4)
  • Figure 8.6 The electromagnetic spectrum
  • Effigy 8.7 Why leaves are green: interaction of light with chloroplasts
  • Figure 8.8 Research method: determining an assimilation spectrum
  • For the Cell Biology Video Space-Filling Model of Chlorophyll a, go to Animation and Video Files.
  • Figure 8.9 Inquiry: which wavelengths of light are virtually effective in driving photosynthesis?
  • Figure viii.9a Inquiry: which wavelengths of light are virtually constructive in driving photosynthesis? (office one: absorption spectra)
  • Effigy 8.9b Inquiry: which wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis? (role ii: action spectrum)
  • Figure eight.9c Enquiry: which wavelengths of light are nearly effective in driving photosynthesis? (function iii: Engelmann'south experiment)
  • Figure viii.10 Structure of chlorophyll molecules in chloroplasts of plants
  • Figure viii.xi Excitation of isolated chlorophyll by light
  • Figure 8.11a Excitation of isolated chlorophyll by light (photo: fluorescence)
  • Figure 8.12 The structure and part of a photosystem
  • Figure viii.12a The structure and function of a photosystem (office 1)
  • Effigy eight.12b The structure and function of a photosystem (part two)
  • Effigy eight.UN02 In-text effigy, low-cal reaction schematic, p. 164
  • Figure 8.13-1 How linear electron flow during the lite reactions generates ATP and NADPH (steps 1-2)
  • Effigy 8.13-two How linear electron catamenia during the low-cal reactions generates ATP and NADPH (step 3)
  • Effigy viii.13-3 How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH (steps 4-5)
  • Figure 8.xiii-4 How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH (step 6)
  • Figure 8.13-5 How linear electron catamenia during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH (steps vii-eight)
  • Effigy 8.xiv A mechanical analogy for linear electron menses during the low-cal reactions
  • Effigy 8.15 Comparison of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • Figure 8.15a Comparison of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts (detail)
  • Figure 8.UN02 In-text effigy, light reaction schematic, p. 164
  • Figure eight.16 The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the organisation of the thylakoid membrane
  • Figure 8.16a The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the organization of the thylakoid membrane (office 1)
  • Figure viii.16b The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the system of the thylakoid membrane (part 2)
  • Effigy eight.UN03 In-text figure, Calvin bicycle schematic, p. 168
  • Figure 8.17-1 The Calvin cycle (stride 1)
  • Figure 8.17-2 The Calvin cycle (step two)
  • Figure eight.17-3 The Calvin cycle (footstep iii)
  • Figure 8.18 C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared
  • Figure viii.18a C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared (part ane: C4, sugarcane)
  • Effigy 8.18b C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared (function two: CAM, pineapple)
  • Figure viii.18c C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared (function 3: detail)
  • Figure 8.19 A review of photosynthesis
  • Figure 8.UN04 Skills exercise: making scatter plots with regression lines
  • Figure 8.UN05 Summary of key concepts: the light reactions
  • Figure 8.UN06 Summary of primal concepts: the Calvin cycle
  • Figure eight.UN07 Test your understanding, question 9 (thylakoid experiment)

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    Source: https://www.slideshare.net/mpattani/biology-in-focus-chapter-8

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